RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Human rhinoviruses (hRV) are small, RNA viruses of the Picornaviridae family, which are divided into three subtypes (A, B, C). hRVs are among the most common causes for acute respiratory illnesses (ARI) involving both the upper and lower respiratory tract. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess the magnitude and characteristics of hRV infections in hospitalized children, aged less than 5 years, hospitalized in Israel during 2011-2012. STUDY DESIGN: The 2503 respiratory samples were subjected to real-time PCR, to detect hRV and other respiratory viruses. Rhinovirus-positive samples were further tested by sequencing to identify the infecting species. RESULTS: Of these 2503 respiratory samples, 422 tested positive for hRV, of them, 243 were from children under 5 years of age (58% of all rhinoviral-positive samples). We also found that among the ARI-associated hospital admissions, 16% were positive for rhinovirus. hRV type A was the most common species. Laboratory data showed monocytosis in 51%, hypercalcemia in 61% and lower respiratory tract involvement in 75% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: We thus recommend including rhinovirus testing as part of the routine testing performed in young children presenting with ARI.
Assuntos
Hospitalização , Infecções por Picornaviridae/diagnóstico , Infecções Respiratórias/diagnóstico , Infecções Respiratórias/virologia , Doença Aguda/epidemiologia , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Israel/epidemiologia , Masculino , Infecções por Picornaviridae/epidemiologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Infecções Respiratórias/epidemiologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Rhinovirus/classificação , Fatores de Risco , Análise de Sequência de RNA , SorogrupoRESUMO
The parasite Trypanosoma brucei is the causative agent of African sleeping sickness and is known for its unique RNA processing mechanisms that are common to all the kinetoplastidea including Leishmania and Trypanosoma cruzi. Trypanosomes possess two canonical RNA poly (A) polymerases (PAPs) termed PAP1 and PAP2. PAP1 is encoded by one of the only two genes harboring cis-spliced introns in this organism, and its function is currently unknown. In trypanosomes, all mRNAs, and non-coding RNAs such as small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), undergo trans-splicing and polyadenylation. Here, we show that the function of PAP1, which is located in the nucleus, is to polyadenylate non-coding RNAs, which undergo trans-splicing and polyadenylation. Major substrates of PAP1 are the snoRNAs and lncRNAs. Under the silencing of either PAP1 or PAP2, the level of snoRNAs is reduced. The dual polyadenylation of snoRNA intermediates is carried out by both PAP2 and PAP1 and requires the factors essential for the polyadenylation of mRNAs. The dual polyadenylation of the precursor snoRNAs by PAPs may function to recruit the machinery essential for snoRNA processing.
Assuntos
Poli A/genética , Poliadenilação/genética , Polinucleotídeo Adenililtransferase/genética , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Nucleolar Pequeno/biossíntese , RNA não Traduzido/genética , Trypanosoma brucei brucei/enzimologia , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Proteínas Associadas a Pancreatite , Splicing de RNA , Alinhamento de Sequência , Trypanosoma brucei brucei/genéticaRESUMO
RSV is the leading cause of lower respiratory-tract infections in infants and therefore demands in-depth epidemiological characterization. We investigated here the distribution of RSV types in Israel between the years 2005-2012. Clinical samples were collected from 11,018 patients hospitalized due to respiratory illnesses and were evaluated for the presence of various respiratory viruses, including RSV A and RSV B. Until 2008, each year was characterized by the presence of one dominant type of RSV. However, from 2008, both RSV A and B types were detected at significant levels, particularly among infants aged 0-2 years. Furthermore, significant changes in the RSV A and RSV B subtypes circulating in Israel since 2008 were observed. Finally, we demonstrate that, irrespectively of the changes observed in RSV epidemiology, when the pandemic H1N1pdm09 influenza virus appeared in 2009, RSV infections were delayed and were detected when infection with H1N1pdm09 had declined.
Assuntos
Filogenia , Infecções por Vírus Respiratório Sincicial/epidemiologia , Vírus Sinciciais Respiratórios/genética , Sequência de Bases , Análise por Conglomerados , Primers do DNA/genética , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Israel/epidemiologia , Dados de Sequência Molecular , RNA Viral/genética , Infecções por Vírus Respiratório Sincicial/história , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Análise de Sequência de RNARESUMO
We evaluated the performance of the Simplexa Flu A/B & RSV kit on 170 prospective respiratory samples using a modified protocol, supplied by the manufacturer, that eliminates the RNA extraction step. Overall, compared against our laboratory-developed assay, the assay's sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were 95.1%, 99.6%, 98.7%, and 98.6%, respectively.
Assuntos
Influenza Humana/diagnóstico , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular/métodos , Orthomyxoviridae/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Vírus Respiratório Sincicial/diagnóstico , Vírus Sincicial Respiratório Humano/isolamento & purificação , Manejo de Espécimes/métodos , Virologia/métodos , Humanos , Influenza Humana/virologia , Orthomyxoviridae/classificação , Orthomyxoviridae/genética , RNA Viral/genética , RNA Viral/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Vírus Respiratório Sincicial/virologia , Vírus Sincicial Respiratório Humano/genética , Estudos Retrospectivos , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
Trypanosome protozoan parasites are the causative agents of devastating diseases. Trypanosome telomeres grow in an uncontrolled manner and the variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) genes are located in subtelomeric domains. The gene encoding telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) was identified and in this study, we describe the Trypanosoma brucei telomerase RNA (TER). TER RNA is bound by the core proteins of the C/D small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) family and associates with the methyltransferase-associated protein (MTAP), whose homologue binds to mammalian TER. Silencing of TbTER resulted in telomere shortening. This is the first report of a TER that binds the C/D snoRNA core proteins.
